ABSTRACT
The present experiment aimed at increasing orange peel and sugar beet pulp protein content through solid-state fermentation by Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride. In vitro digestibility and changes in the chemical composition of the fermented products were determined after seven days of fungal cultivation using gas production tests. The cultivation of T. reesei and T. viride on orange peels decreased neutral detergent soluble content [P<0.01] and increased cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents [P<0.01]. Changes in fiber fractions were found to be more pronounced with T. viride. The cultivation of T. reesei and T. viride on sugar beet pulp increased neutral detergent soluble content [P<0.01] and decreased cellulose and hemicellulose contents [P<0.01]. These changes were more pronounced with T. reesei. The cultivation of T. reesei or T. viride on orange peels or sugar beet pulp increased crude protein content [P<0.01] compared with the unfermented materials; however, the increase was more pronounced for orange peels fermented with T. viride when corrected for weight loss [P<0.05]. After 24 and 48 h of incubation, significant decreases in cumulative gas production [P<0.01] were observed in fermented sugar beet pulp and orange peels compared with the unfermented materials. Fungal treatment of orange peels and sugar beet pulp reduced the digestibility of in vitro organic matter, metabolizable energy and average fermentation and gas production rates [P<0.01]. The data showed that seven days of solid-state fermentation of orange peels and sugar beet pulp by T. reesei or T. viride can increase their crude protein content
Subject(s)
Citrus sinensis/chemistry , Beta vulgaris , Fermentation , CarbohydratesABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculation of homo-fermentative lactic acid bacteria [LAB] on ensiling characteristics and nutritive value of low dry matter corn silage [LDMCS]. Corn forage was harvested at milk stage [22.8 +/- 0.9% DM], chopped at theoretical length of cut [TLC] 2.5 cm, and stored in eighteen 3.8 L mini silos for each treatment. The following treatments were used, 1] control [uninoculated], 2] ecosyl [treated with ecosylTM corn silage inoculants containing Lactobacillus plantarum], and 3] biotal [treated with biotalTM corn silage inoculants containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Propionibacter freudenreichii]. Triplicate silos for each treatment were opened and sampled for chemical analyses after 3, 6, 12, 16, 21 and 90 days of ensiling. Neither ecosyl nor biotal improved fermentation characteristics of LDMCS compared to the control silage. Neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF], crude protein [CP], water soluble carbohydrate [WSC] contents and lactic acid [LA] concentration were not affected significantly by inoculants [P>0.05]. Acetic acid concentration of control silages was higher; however, ethanol concentration was lower than the other silages. Biotal treated silages had the highest ammonia-N [NH3-N] concentrations compared to the control [P<0.05]. In vitro dry matter disappearance [IVDMD] of control silage was higher than treated silages [P<0.05]. In conclusion, the results showed that homo-fermentative LAB inoculants used in this experiment did not improve the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of LDMCS
ABSTRACT
Fourteen primiparous Holstein cows [180.0 +/- 4.3 days in milk] with a mean [ +/- SD] daily milk yield of 35.0 +/- 1.3 kg and a body condition score of 3.2 +/- 0.2 were allotted into two groups [n=7], and were fed a ration consisting of [dry matter basis] 35% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay and 40% concentrates. Salt was provided free choice. The experiment was performed during the period of heat stress, i.e., when the temperature-humidity index was greater than 72. One group was offered desalinated water containing 570 mg total dissolved solids [TDS] and another group was offered water containing 1400 mg TDS per L. Milk yield was measured weekly, and milk samples were taken on days 21 and 42 for determination of milk composition. Blood samples were taken on days 21 and 42 from the median caudal vein of the tail and the serum concentrations of Na[+], K[+], Ca[2+], Mg[2+], tri-iodothyronine [T[3]] and thyroxine [T[4] were measured. Ruminal fluid was taken by rumenocentesis on day 42 for determination of volatile fatty acids [VFA] and VFA concentration and pH were not significantly affected by water TDS [P>0.05]; however, cows receiving desalinated water 2 kg more milk per cow per day. Serum K[+] concentration was significantly higher in cows consuming saline water [P,0.05]. The present data indicated that water with TDS of 1400 mg per L had no adverse effect on lactating cows; therefore, it is not necessary to desalinate water in the region under study. However, in light of the possible effects of saline water on thyroid hormones, further studies concerning the influence of saline water on the metabolism of high producing cows in hot climates are warranted
ABSTRACT
The chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability coefficients of dry matter [DM], and nutrient digestibility in sheep were evaluated for corn silage [CS] treated [fresh weight basis] with different levels of a commercial bacterial inoculant [I] as follows: [1] untreated CS [control]; [2] CS + I at half of the recommended level; [3] CS + I at the recommended level [3 x 10[10] colony forming units per g of fresh forage] and [4] CS + I at two-fold recommended level. The inoculants [Lallemand, France] consisted of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici. Whole- plant corn was ensiled for 60 days in plastic polyethylene bags, Also, three laboratory silos [70 g capacity] for each treatment were sampled on days 2, 3, 4 and 60 to study the pH changes. The silages underwent rapid fermentation and were well-preserved. The pH value decreased to 4.0 on day 2 and was the lowest for treatment 2 on day 60 after ensiling compared with other treatments. Treatment 2 had higher [P<0.05] contents of crude protein [CP], residual water soluble carbohydrates [WSC], lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and total acids, but lower [P<0.05] butyric acid than treatment 3, and also higher acetic and lower butyric acid levels than other treatments. No traces of ethanol were detected in any of the silages. The acid detergent fiber [ADF] content of treatments 1 and 4 was lower [P<0.05] than others. Only ether extract [EE] digestibility was affected by these treatments which was higher for treatments 1 and 4 [P<0.05]. The DM recovery for treatment 1 was lower than others. Effective DM degradability was slightly higher for treatment 4 and fraction "a" was significantly [P<0.05] lower for treatments 1 and 3 compared with treatment 4. The results indicated that application of this inoculant at half of the recommended level was more effective to enhance the aerobic stability of silages due to higher acetic and propionic acid production which have antimycotyic properties. The decreased cost associated with this level of inoculant might be economical for farmers in warm climates as to encourage its use as an additive for silage making